ja:ベノナ Andrew, Christopher. "[44], Writing about Alger Hiss, Hiss's lawyer John Lowenthal criticized the accuracy and methodology of the Venona analysts, charging they employed false premises and flawed comparative logic to reach the desired conclusion Alger Hiss was the spy "Ales." Assumptions made by cryptographers, questionable interpretations and translations placed reliance upon the expert testimony of cryptographers, and the entire case would be circumstantial. Duncan Lee, Donald Wheeler, Jane Foster Zlatowski, and Maurice Halperin passed information to Moscow. [4][5][6], The Venona Project was initiated in 1943, under orders from the deputy Chief of Military Intelligence (G-2), Carter W. [7] The first messages to be partially decoded were full of gaps and were unintelligible. [30]. To some degree this secrecy was counter-productive; Truman was distrustful of FBI head J. Edgar Hoover and suspected the reports were exaggerated for political purposes. But there are too many gaps in the record to use these materials with complete confidence. According to British writer Nigel West it was president of Czechoslovak government-in-exile Edvard Beneš. Approval would have to come from several layers of bureaucracy as well as notification to British counterparts working on the same problem. He was not told the material came from decoded Soviet ciphers. President Roosevelt, for example, was called "Kapitan" (Captain), and Los Alamos the "Reservation." [45], Nigel West, on the other hand, expressed confidence in the decrypts: "Venona remain[s] an irrefutable resource, far more reliable than the mercurial recollections of KGB defectors and the dubious conclusions drawn by paranoid analysts mesmerized by Machiavellian plots. The decrypts show that the US and other nations were targeted in major espionage campaigns by the Soviet Union as early as 1942. It is probable that the Soviet code generators started duplicating cipher pages in order to keep up with demand. According to the Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, the complicity of both Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White is conclusively proven by Venona, [31][32]stating "The complicity of Alger Hiss of the State Department seems settled. FBI's Alan Belmont considered that, although decryption might corroborate the testimony of Elizabeth Bentley and enable successful prosecution of such suspects as Judith Coplon and the Perlo and Silvermaster groups, a careful study of all factors compelled the conclusion it would not be in the best interests of prosecutors, defendants, and the United States to use Venona project information for prosecution.[12][13][14]. Nigel West, Venona, największa tajemnica zimnej wojny, Warszawa 2006, p.138. Some of the earliest detailed public knowledge that Soviet code messages from World War II had been broken came with the release of Robert Lamphere's book, The FBI-KGB War, in 1986.