what are the 4 types of political organization

All of the examples to follow are related to one experience that I had at Office Depot, my place of employment. According to McGill’s Henry Mintzberg, it’s just another influencing process along with norms, formal authority and expertise. Executives can view political moves as dirty and will try to distance themselves from those activities. In summer, the Bessari moved south to live in large, summer camps where they would stay until the rainy season began. In Papua New Guinea and the Melanesian Islands, the big man is the political leader. All chiefdoms that have been anthropologically identified were based on horticulture or intensive agriculture with one notable exception. States monopolize the use of force and maintenance of law and order through laws, courts, and police. However, if my family and I lived outside the industrialized West, these words might be replaced with words like band, tribe, chiefdom, or even state. Service identified four types of political organizations: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states that are closely related to subsistence strategies. The king never steps barefoot on the earth and is covered with an umbrella when he ventures outside. Anthropologists recognize four types of political organization based on levels of political integration, concentration, specialization. Legitimate political behavior refers to normal everyday politics – complaining to your supervisor, bypassing the chain of command, forming coalitions, obstructing organizational policies or decisions through inaction or excessive adherence to rules, and developing contracts outside the organization through one’s professional activities. States have large populations and share the following characteristics: States have power over their domain. It is a funeral ritual for a dead bear in which the soul of the bear is sent back to the mountains to be reborn as another bear. Band. Chiefs were often spiritual leaders, which helped to demonstrate their right to lead. In the Pacific Northwest of North America, chiefdoms emerged based on foraging. There are various types of political view that we all keep within ourselves. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010. It is usual to distinguish between three main types of "international organization", namely: inter-governmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, and multinational enterprises. Sociopolitical power is held by males and has a strong religious component. Wheat, rice, and maize still dominate production today. Sometimes the prestige of the leader and their family is higher, but not always. Members of the chiefdom were required to hand over part of their harvest to the leader (or chief/king) or their appointed representatives. The 4 Types of Organizational Politics. 1, edited by H. James Birx, p. 182-190. There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, political organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions etc. The Omanhene always came from “kingly lineages.” Officials, including the matriarchs of the clans, elected the Omanhene. It was in the richest environments along rivers that supported denser populations. The four types of government are oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy, and democracy. After Great Britain colonized the region, hired laborers and sharecropping became the norm. Because of this group decision-making process and the fact that everyone has access to the resources needed to survive, bands are egalitarian. Examples of tribal cultures include the Cheyenne and Blackfeet of North America, the Berbers and Amhara of Africa, the Munda of India, the Hmong of Southeast Asia, and the Basseri of Iran. Agriculture based on yam, guinea corn, manioc, and maize formed the backbone of subsistence. Gilbert, Michelle, Robert O. Lagacé, and Ian Skoggard. “Akan.” eHraf World Cultures. Answer. Cultural Anthropology, 2nd edition. They may have semi-permanent settlements that are reused at specific times of the year. Accessed April 21, 2015. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu. 4) Intergroup conflicts. Clans held ownership of land. Resistance is quickly squashed through shaming, gossip, stigma, and use of formal enforcement and judiciary means. The ceremony acts as a way for the leader to display their power as they are expected to display their wealth through trade items. They used to visit different regions in food search and settled there but there was no permanent place of their setting. This is to ensure that the deities continue to gift the Ainu with fur and meat. Sometimes tribes would band together to form a pantribal sodality, “…a nonkin-based group that exists throughout a tribe…” (Gezen and Kottak 2014: 107). Status refers to the position an individual has within a society. Accessed April 18, 2015. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu. Types of Political Activity . The Ashanti engaged in trade with neighboring societies with gold and slaves forming the commercial basis of the traditional trade economy (Gilbert et al n.d.). One type of political organization is called band organization where communities from the largest group act as a political unit. :Cultural Anthropology, Internet Resources, THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE AND THE APPLICATION OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, MAJOR THEORIES IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY:Diffusionism, GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY (continued):Post Modernism, METHODS IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY:Comments on Fieldwork, METHODS IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY (continued):Census Taking, COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD, ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY (continued):THE DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES, FOCUSING ON LANGUAGE:Languages of the World, Structure of Language, FOCUS ON LANGUAGE (continued):Levels of Complexity, Cultural Emphasis, OBTAINING FOOD IN DIFFERENT CULTURES:Optimal Foraging, Suggested Readings, FOOD AND CULTURE (continued):Food Collectors, Food Production, OBTAINING FOOD IN DIFFERENT CULTURE (continued):Pastoralism, Agriculture, RELEVANCE OF KINSHIP AND DESCENT:Kinship Criteria, Rules of Descent, KINSHIP AND DESCENT (continued):Tracing Descent, Primary Kinship Systems, THE ROLE OF FAMILY AND MARRIAGE IN CULTURE:Economic Aspect of Marriage, ROLE OF FAMILY AND MARRIAGE IN CULTURE (continued):Family Structures, GENDER AND CULTURE:Gender Stratification, Suggested Readings, GENDER ROLES IN CULTURE (continued):Women Employment, Feminization of Poverty, STRATIFICATION AND CULTURE:Social Ranking, Dimensions of Inequality, THEORIES OF STRATIFICATION (continued):The Functionalists, Conflict Theorists, CULTURE AND CHANGE:Inventions, Diffusion, Donor, Conventional, CULTURE AND CHANGE (continued):Cultural Interrelations, Reaction to Change, CULTURE AND CHANGE (continued):Planned Change, Globalization, POLITICAL ORGANIZATION (continued):State Systems, Nation-States, POLITICAL ORGANIZATION (continued):Social Norms, Informal Mechanisms, PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE:Emotional Development, Psychological Universals, PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE (continued):Origin of Customs, Personality Types, IDEOLOGY AND CULTURE:Ideology in Everyday Life, Hegemony, IDEOLOGY AND CULTURE (Continued):Political ideologies, Economic Ideology, ASSOCIATIONS, CULTURES AND SOCIETIES:Variation in Associations, Age Sets, ASSOCIATIONS, CULTURES AND SOCIETIES (continued):Formation of Associations, RACE, ETHNICITY AND CULTURE:Similarity in Human Adaptations, RACE, ETHNICITY AND CULTURE (continued):Inter-group Relations, CULTURE AND BELIEFS:Social Function of Religion, Politics and Beliefs, LOCAL OR INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE:Changing Definitions of Local Knowledge, LOCAL OR INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE (continued):The Need for Caution, ANTHROPOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT:Influence of Development Notions, ANTHROPOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT (Continued):Contentions in Development, ANTHROPOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT (Continued):Operational, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ART:Relevance of Art, Art and Politics, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ART (continued):Art as a Status Symbol, ETHICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY:Ethical Condemnation, Orientalism, RELEVANCE OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY:Ensuring Cultural Survival. 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